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One of the challenges common to the various treatments of historical trauma is the difficulty in forming an alliance with the survivors. This should be kept in mind when reflecting on the protocols listed below. Holocaust survivors: According to Kellerman (2001), Holocaust survivors in Israel do not want to be treated as psychiatric patients. Whilst acknowledging that there is a dearth of research in treating Holocaust trauma he discusses a number of aspects of treatment as offered by the AMCHA, 'National Israeli Center for Psychosocial Support of Survivors of the Holocaust and the Second Generation'. Treatment approaches and techniques vary according to [...]

Intergenerational or trans-generational trauma has complex and multi-layered historical causes that commonly stretch from social conditions to the most intimate attachment relationships. Often there is an interplay between each of these levels and people seeking psychotherapy may be suffering from just one or all levels. Levels of intergenerational trauma Historical trauma Definition Historical trauma or historical grief is a relatively new term which originated in the mid-1990's with the work of Dr Maria Brave Heart (Brave Heart 1998, 1999a, 1999b, Brave Heart & DeBruyn 1998, Brave Heart-Jordan & DeBruyn 1995) on trauma in Native Americans. This outer layer of intergenerational trauma refers to a massive cumulative [...]

Mechanisms of transmission - Historical trauma There is some difficulty in isolating transmission mechanisms because the current context that is the result of historical events (for example the boarding school catastrophe in American Indians) can continue to affect traumatised populations (Whitbeck et al 2004). With that in mind, Kellerman (2001a) has identified four pathways of transmission, each corresponding to a different theoretical model: Sociocultural and socialisation models, family systems models, psychodynamic models and biological models. Sociocultural and socialisation models of transmission are based on social learning theories and focus on the child's learning certain behaviours by observing the parents and the social [...]

There is extensive literature on the effects of the Holocaust on adult and children survivors and their offspring. The Holocaust model intergenerational trauma originated in the 1960's through a primarily psychoanalytic framework and has been highly influential in defining the parameters of studies researching other populations such as American Indians (Whitbeck et al. 2014). The majority of psychoanalytic investigations have consisted of single case studies (e.g., Fonagy 1999). Larger scale empirical studies have mainly employed standardised questionnaires to investigate relationships between variables such as parental symptomatology, parenting styles, and their effects on children. There are numerous problems with establishing the prevalence of historical [...]